Post by Okwes on Jan 26, 2006 14:11:44 GMT -5
The 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre did not happen in a Vacuum
============================================Example of yellow journalism that
fanned the Wounded Knee massacre.
"The Last Of Sitting Bull"
St. Louis Republic, St. Louis, Missouri
Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890
The death of Sitting Bull removes one of the obstacles to civilization. He
was a greasy savage, who rarely bathed and was liable at any time to become
infected with vermin. During the whole of his life he entertained the remarkable
delusion that he was a free-born American with some rights in the country of
his ancestors. Under this delusion, when civilized immigrants pushed over the
Black Hills country in search of gold he considered them trespassers on the
lands of his people and tried to keep them out. He was engaged in this absurd and
wicked attempt when General Custer surprised his camp in the interests of
civilization. Unfortunately for civilization General Custer was mistaken in the
number of the savages who had assembled to fight for the land, which they
foolishly believed was their birthright, and "a massacre" ensued. That is, it was
one of those rare occasions when savagery for the moment had the best of it in a
pitched battle with civilization. It was, of course, only for the moment, and
Sitting Bull and his followers, who might have been easily and legally hanged
as murderers, were granted a temporary respite. This graciousness of the
Great Father they have constantly abused by obstructing civilization in every
possible way, especially in the worst way possible by trying to keep their land in
a state of barbarism, and by insisting on their own understanding of
treaties, regardless of necessary changes in translation into a highly civilized
language, and of necessary amendments made in Congress. They have gone on holding
ghost dances, complaining about the rations issued to them under treaties,
objecting to the way their money was handled by the government, and it is charged
on excellent civilized authority, actually stealing from civilized people who
have settled on their lands. Under such circumstances there could have been
only one ending for Sitting Bull, and now that it has come he has no complaint
to make. There is every reason to believe, therefore, that it was perfectly
satisfactory to him. He himself had recognized it as inevitable and had fully
made up his mind to it, preferring it to death in what in his barbaric way he
called the "stone houses of the Great Father," meaning thereby the penitentiaries
in which the Great Father, with the aid of Hon. Powell Clayton, Hon. Poker J.
McClure and others of his Sanhedrin, attempts on occasion to incarcerate
those who disagree with him in such a way as to inconvenience him. So when Sitting
Bull was surprised and overpowered by the agents of the Great Father, he set
his greasy, stolid face into the expression it always took when he was most
overcome by the delusion that he was born a native American from native American
ancestry. Disarmed and defenceless he sat in the saddle in which he had been
put as a preliminary to taking him to prison, and without a change of
countenance urged his handful of greasy followers to die free. This idiotic proceeding
he kept up until he was shot out of the saddle. So died Sitting Bull. So was
removed one of the last obstacles in the path of progress. He will now make
excellent manure for the crops, which will grow over him when his reservation is
civilized. The work of redeeming these excellent lands from barbarism has now
reached a point where it can be at once carried to completion.
The filth and vermin-infested Sioux and other savages who have pretended a
desire to live even under starvation rations and broken treaties will be
persuaded by Sitting Bull's example, and a little skillful management of the same
kind which converted him from a brutal savage into a good Indian, to stand up
where they can be shot out of the way of advancing progress.
Mr. Harrison should continue to act with the same promptness and firmness he
has shown in Sitting Bull's case. While one of these barbarians lives to claim
an acre of unentered land in the United States he will remain as an obstacle
to progress. A firm persistence by the President in the admirably progressive
policy he has illustrated in Sitting Bulls case will make good Indians of all
the rest of them, bucks, squaws and pappooses. And the future historian will
say of them, no doubt, that they died justly, because they owned lands and
would not use fine-toothed combs."
Wounded Knee This site is maintained by JS Dill and your opinion would be
appreciated...
================================
Note that the Massacre at Wounded Knee did not happen in a vacuum.
It was not an unrelated incident.
The fires of hatred and racism were fueled from many quarters and a
volatility was building. Contributing a good deal of fuel were newspaper articles and
editorials such as those mentioned below."The death of Sitting Bull removes one
of the obstacles to civilization...He was a greasy savage..." So reads an
article published on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890 in the St. Louis Republic, St.
Louis, Missouri. Writing in his newspaper the "The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer",
Aberdeen, South Dakota, L. Frank Baum opined with regard to the Indian Nations,
that "We cannot honestly regret their extermination..." Thus fueled was the
murderous firestorm that was Wounded Knee.Chronology of Events Leading Up tothe
1890 Wounded Knee Massacre [Note: This data is taken from The Politics of
Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty, Appendix
E, ISBN 0-252-06669-3]July 5,1825, Treaty with Sioune (now Cheyenne River)
and Oglala Sioux Tribes: The United States agreed in article 2 to take the Sioux
Indians under their protection. April 29,1868, Fort Laramie Treaty
Article 1: that all war between them would forever cease and pledged their
honor to keep the peace; that the United States would reimburse the Indians for
wrongs and loss of property committed by persons acting under federal
authority and that the Indians would extradite bad men on their reservation to the
United States.
In article 2: the parties agreed that the Sioux reservation would be held
for their absolute and undisturbed use and occupation;
In article 12, that no cession of the Sioux reservation would be valid
without the signatures of three-fourths of the adult males interested in the
reservation;
In articles 11 and 16, that the Sioux had the right to hunt in the Bighorn
Mountains and area north of the North Platte River. February 28, 1877, Black
Hills Act:
In article 1 Congress confiscated the Black Hills portion of the 1868 Treaty
Reservation (7.3 million acres) without the consent of three-fourths of the
adult male Indians as required by the 1868 treaty. This was also in violation of
the Fifth Amendment, since the Sioux Nation acquired vested title to the land
under U.S. law.
In article 5 Congress promised that, in consideration for the land and
hunting rights confiscated, it would give the Sioux Indians all aid necessary for
civilization and subsistence rations (or the equivalent thereof) for as long as
necessary for their survival.
In article 8, Congress agreed that the Indians would be subject to the laws
of the United States, thereby extending the protections of the First Amendment
to freely exercise their religion and of the Fifth Amendment rights to the
protection of real and personal property. In the same article, Congress promised
that each Sioux Indian would be protected in his rights of property, person,
and life.
Fall, 1883: Last Sioux buffalo hunt took place.
1888: Indian-issue beef herds on the Sioux reservation were decimated by
anthrax.
January, 1889: Wovoka, a Paiute Indian in Nevada, arose from the dead
(recovered from scarlet fever) after a total eclipse of the sun. Some say he learned
of the eclipse through an almanac and planned his resurrection to correspond
with that event. Word of his resurrection spread throughout Indian country. His
prophecy was that if Indians believed and sang and danced to certain ritual
songs, the buffalo and deceased relatives would return and the non-Indians
would be covered by a new layer of earth. This event is recorded in history by
some who say that an Indian messiah and the Ghost Dance were born.
March 2,1889, Act of Congress: Congress agreed in article 28 that the act
will not go into effect unless agreed to by three-fourths of the adult male
population of Indians as required by the 1868 treaty but used fraud and coercion
to acquire the signatures, calling Indian males to the agencies and not
allowing them to return home until they signed and allowing underaged Indians and
non-Indian males married to Indian women to sign in violation of the law.
The president proclaimed the act although the required signatures were never
obtained. The United States thus acquired an additional nine million acres of
the 1868 treaty reservation by this method.
The 1889 act also divided the 1868 treaty reservation into six smaller
reservations. Indians living on each reservation could not leave their reservations
without a pass from the Indian agent.
Remainder of 1889: The United States agreed not to cut the subsistence
rations obligated under article 5 of the 1877 Black Hills Act if the Indians agreed
to the 1889 act but went back on their word and cut the rations by 50 percent
as soon as they secured the purported signatures. This created famine and
death on the Sioux reservations. There were also grasshopper plagues and a
terrible drought, resulting in the loss of gardens.
Mid-summer, 1889: Spoonhunter, an Oglala married into and residing on the
Wind River Reservation, sent a letter to his nephew Kicking Bear, living on the
Cheyenne River Reservation, telling him about Wovoka and the Ghost Dance.
Kicking Bear, an Oglala, was married to Woodpecker Woman, niece of Chief Big Foot.
Fall of 1889 and spring of 1890: A Sioux delegation consisting of Kicking
Bear, Short Bull, and others traveled to Nevada to see Wovoka and returned to
teach the Ghost Dance to the Sioux. The earth's rejuvenation was promised for the
spring of 1891, with the coming of the green grass.
May 29,1890: Indian agents were not too concerned about the Ghost Dance until
Charles L. Hyde, a citizen of Pierre, South Dakota, wrote a letter to the
secretary of the interior stating that he had reliable information from a Pine
Ridge Sioux at the Pierre Indian School that the Sioux were planning an
outbreak.
Summer of 1890: The Ghost Dance caught on with the Sioux because of the
extreme conditions they were living under. White people living south and west of
the Sioux reservations became alarmed and believed an Indian uprising would
occur. Black Elk invented the Ghost Shirt. Indians gathered at the Strong Hold, a
natural fortification on the northern part of the Pine Ridge Reservation.
October 20,1890: Agent Royer of Pine Ridge Agency requested six to seven
hundred troops at Pine Ridge to restore order.
November 13, 1890: President Harrison directed the secretary of war to assume
military responsibility on the Sioux reservations to prevent an outbreak.
Indian leaders were ordered arrested until the Ghost Dance passed.
November 20,1890: The Rapid City journal reported that Sioux were on the
warpath. Yellow journalism everywhere added to the excitement.
November 22, 1890: Governor Mellette, the first governor of South Dakota,
created the "Home Guard," a cowboy militia to guard homesteaders along the west
edge of the Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River reservations. They were armed with
hundreds of guns and a great deal of ammunition.
December, 1890: The South Dakota home guard engaged in two of their own
massacres. The guard sent its best riders to the Pine Ridge Reservation to shoot
into the Ghost Dancers at the Strong Hold. They led the Ghost Dancers into a
trap and killed and scalped seventy-five of them. They also massacred several
wagons full of Sioux on French Creek, who were visiting non-Indian friends at
Buffalo Gap.
December 15,1890: Chief Sitting Bull was murdered by federal Indian police
when they attempted to arrest him at his home on the Standing Rock Reservation.
Agent McLaughlin supplied them with a barrel of whiskey to give them enough
courage to make the arrest. Sitting Bull's followers fled to seek refuge with
his halfbrother, Chief Big Foot.
December 28, 1890: Chief Big Foot, fearing arrest and the risk to his band,
headed south to the Pine Ridge Reservation. Chief Red Cloud had already invited
him to come to Pine Ridge and help make peace. Major Whiteside and his
Seventh Cavalry intercepted Chief Big Foot and about 356 of his followers at
Porcupine Butte and escorted them to Wounded Knee Creek. The campsite was already
settled, with Mousseaux's store and several log houses located there. That
evening Colonel Forsyth arrived and assumed command. The Indians were surrounded and
harassed all night. A trader from Pine Ridge brought a barrel of whiskey and
the officers and troopers got drunk celebrating Big Foot's capture. That night
some drunken troopers attempted to drag Big Foot out of his tent. Indians who
could understand English heard talk of getting revenge for Custer's defeat.
Some officers attempted to see if guns possessed by the Indians were taken from
the Little Bighorn battle and if they were old enough to have been at the
battle.
December 29,1890: Colonel Forsyth attempted to disarm Chief Big Foot's band.
The women and children were separated from the men. The soldiers were very
abusive. Big Foot was sick with pneumonia and flying a white flag of truce next
to his tent. The Indians were almost completely disarmed and completely
surrounded by the soldiers.
When the soldiers attempted to take the rifle of a deaf mute, it discharged
and the soldiers opened up on the Indians. About three hundred of Big Foot's
band were killed.
About thirty soldiers also died, many in their own crossfire. Some women and
children were found as far as two miles away, gunned down by soldiers.
January 3,1891: A burial party picked up the bodies of the dead Indians,
about 146, still left on the massacre site after a raging blizzard swept through
the area. They dug a mass grave and buried the dead without ceremony. At least
one Indian is said to have been buried alive.
===================================
A Proposed Tribal Park?
A Massacre, A Tribal Park, A Farce...
Who Should We Believe?
Wounded Knee...Are We About To Do It Again?
Wounded Knee Landowners Reply to Wasichu...
Wasichu Sculptress Proposes Wounded Knee Memorial
The Wizard of Oz and Wounded Knee
Aberdeen Touts A Racist
Attack On An Attempt To Hold Baum Accountable For Genocidal Declarations
Twisted Footnotes to Wounded Knee
Commentary on Twisted Footnotes
Acknowledge L. Frank Baum's (author of The Wizard of Oz) Genocidal
Declarations
Baum Petition Responses
Supplements
Sitting Bull, In Memory
A Call to Assist the Elders
Black Hills Thievery Renewed
============================================Example of yellow journalism that
fanned the Wounded Knee massacre.
"The Last Of Sitting Bull"
St. Louis Republic, St. Louis, Missouri
Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890
The death of Sitting Bull removes one of the obstacles to civilization. He
was a greasy savage, who rarely bathed and was liable at any time to become
infected with vermin. During the whole of his life he entertained the remarkable
delusion that he was a free-born American with some rights in the country of
his ancestors. Under this delusion, when civilized immigrants pushed over the
Black Hills country in search of gold he considered them trespassers on the
lands of his people and tried to keep them out. He was engaged in this absurd and
wicked attempt when General Custer surprised his camp in the interests of
civilization. Unfortunately for civilization General Custer was mistaken in the
number of the savages who had assembled to fight for the land, which they
foolishly believed was their birthright, and "a massacre" ensued. That is, it was
one of those rare occasions when savagery for the moment had the best of it in a
pitched battle with civilization. It was, of course, only for the moment, and
Sitting Bull and his followers, who might have been easily and legally hanged
as murderers, were granted a temporary respite. This graciousness of the
Great Father they have constantly abused by obstructing civilization in every
possible way, especially in the worst way possible by trying to keep their land in
a state of barbarism, and by insisting on their own understanding of
treaties, regardless of necessary changes in translation into a highly civilized
language, and of necessary amendments made in Congress. They have gone on holding
ghost dances, complaining about the rations issued to them under treaties,
objecting to the way their money was handled by the government, and it is charged
on excellent civilized authority, actually stealing from civilized people who
have settled on their lands. Under such circumstances there could have been
only one ending for Sitting Bull, and now that it has come he has no complaint
to make. There is every reason to believe, therefore, that it was perfectly
satisfactory to him. He himself had recognized it as inevitable and had fully
made up his mind to it, preferring it to death in what in his barbaric way he
called the "stone houses of the Great Father," meaning thereby the penitentiaries
in which the Great Father, with the aid of Hon. Powell Clayton, Hon. Poker J.
McClure and others of his Sanhedrin, attempts on occasion to incarcerate
those who disagree with him in such a way as to inconvenience him. So when Sitting
Bull was surprised and overpowered by the agents of the Great Father, he set
his greasy, stolid face into the expression it always took when he was most
overcome by the delusion that he was born a native American from native American
ancestry. Disarmed and defenceless he sat in the saddle in which he had been
put as a preliminary to taking him to prison, and without a change of
countenance urged his handful of greasy followers to die free. This idiotic proceeding
he kept up until he was shot out of the saddle. So died Sitting Bull. So was
removed one of the last obstacles in the path of progress. He will now make
excellent manure for the crops, which will grow over him when his reservation is
civilized. The work of redeeming these excellent lands from barbarism has now
reached a point where it can be at once carried to completion.
The filth and vermin-infested Sioux and other savages who have pretended a
desire to live even under starvation rations and broken treaties will be
persuaded by Sitting Bull's example, and a little skillful management of the same
kind which converted him from a brutal savage into a good Indian, to stand up
where they can be shot out of the way of advancing progress.
Mr. Harrison should continue to act with the same promptness and firmness he
has shown in Sitting Bull's case. While one of these barbarians lives to claim
an acre of unentered land in the United States he will remain as an obstacle
to progress. A firm persistence by the President in the admirably progressive
policy he has illustrated in Sitting Bulls case will make good Indians of all
the rest of them, bucks, squaws and pappooses. And the future historian will
say of them, no doubt, that they died justly, because they owned lands and
would not use fine-toothed combs."
Wounded Knee This site is maintained by JS Dill and your opinion would be
appreciated...
================================
Note that the Massacre at Wounded Knee did not happen in a vacuum.
It was not an unrelated incident.
The fires of hatred and racism were fueled from many quarters and a
volatility was building. Contributing a good deal of fuel were newspaper articles and
editorials such as those mentioned below."The death of Sitting Bull removes one
of the obstacles to civilization...He was a greasy savage..." So reads an
article published on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890 in the St. Louis Republic, St.
Louis, Missouri. Writing in his newspaper the "The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer",
Aberdeen, South Dakota, L. Frank Baum opined with regard to the Indian Nations,
that "We cannot honestly regret their extermination..." Thus fueled was the
murderous firestorm that was Wounded Knee.Chronology of Events Leading Up tothe
1890 Wounded Knee Massacre [Note: This data is taken from The Politics of
Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty, Appendix
E, ISBN 0-252-06669-3]July 5,1825, Treaty with Sioune (now Cheyenne River)
and Oglala Sioux Tribes: The United States agreed in article 2 to take the Sioux
Indians under their protection. April 29,1868, Fort Laramie Treaty
Article 1: that all war between them would forever cease and pledged their
honor to keep the peace; that the United States would reimburse the Indians for
wrongs and loss of property committed by persons acting under federal
authority and that the Indians would extradite bad men on their reservation to the
United States.
In article 2: the parties agreed that the Sioux reservation would be held
for their absolute and undisturbed use and occupation;
In article 12, that no cession of the Sioux reservation would be valid
without the signatures of three-fourths of the adult males interested in the
reservation;
In articles 11 and 16, that the Sioux had the right to hunt in the Bighorn
Mountains and area north of the North Platte River. February 28, 1877, Black
Hills Act:
In article 1 Congress confiscated the Black Hills portion of the 1868 Treaty
Reservation (7.3 million acres) without the consent of three-fourths of the
adult male Indians as required by the 1868 treaty. This was also in violation of
the Fifth Amendment, since the Sioux Nation acquired vested title to the land
under U.S. law.
In article 5 Congress promised that, in consideration for the land and
hunting rights confiscated, it would give the Sioux Indians all aid necessary for
civilization and subsistence rations (or the equivalent thereof) for as long as
necessary for their survival.
In article 8, Congress agreed that the Indians would be subject to the laws
of the United States, thereby extending the protections of the First Amendment
to freely exercise their religion and of the Fifth Amendment rights to the
protection of real and personal property. In the same article, Congress promised
that each Sioux Indian would be protected in his rights of property, person,
and life.
Fall, 1883: Last Sioux buffalo hunt took place.
1888: Indian-issue beef herds on the Sioux reservation were decimated by
anthrax.
January, 1889: Wovoka, a Paiute Indian in Nevada, arose from the dead
(recovered from scarlet fever) after a total eclipse of the sun. Some say he learned
of the eclipse through an almanac and planned his resurrection to correspond
with that event. Word of his resurrection spread throughout Indian country. His
prophecy was that if Indians believed and sang and danced to certain ritual
songs, the buffalo and deceased relatives would return and the non-Indians
would be covered by a new layer of earth. This event is recorded in history by
some who say that an Indian messiah and the Ghost Dance were born.
March 2,1889, Act of Congress: Congress agreed in article 28 that the act
will not go into effect unless agreed to by three-fourths of the adult male
population of Indians as required by the 1868 treaty but used fraud and coercion
to acquire the signatures, calling Indian males to the agencies and not
allowing them to return home until they signed and allowing underaged Indians and
non-Indian males married to Indian women to sign in violation of the law.
The president proclaimed the act although the required signatures were never
obtained. The United States thus acquired an additional nine million acres of
the 1868 treaty reservation by this method.
The 1889 act also divided the 1868 treaty reservation into six smaller
reservations. Indians living on each reservation could not leave their reservations
without a pass from the Indian agent.
Remainder of 1889: The United States agreed not to cut the subsistence
rations obligated under article 5 of the 1877 Black Hills Act if the Indians agreed
to the 1889 act but went back on their word and cut the rations by 50 percent
as soon as they secured the purported signatures. This created famine and
death on the Sioux reservations. There were also grasshopper plagues and a
terrible drought, resulting in the loss of gardens.
Mid-summer, 1889: Spoonhunter, an Oglala married into and residing on the
Wind River Reservation, sent a letter to his nephew Kicking Bear, living on the
Cheyenne River Reservation, telling him about Wovoka and the Ghost Dance.
Kicking Bear, an Oglala, was married to Woodpecker Woman, niece of Chief Big Foot.
Fall of 1889 and spring of 1890: A Sioux delegation consisting of Kicking
Bear, Short Bull, and others traveled to Nevada to see Wovoka and returned to
teach the Ghost Dance to the Sioux. The earth's rejuvenation was promised for the
spring of 1891, with the coming of the green grass.
May 29,1890: Indian agents were not too concerned about the Ghost Dance until
Charles L. Hyde, a citizen of Pierre, South Dakota, wrote a letter to the
secretary of the interior stating that he had reliable information from a Pine
Ridge Sioux at the Pierre Indian School that the Sioux were planning an
outbreak.
Summer of 1890: The Ghost Dance caught on with the Sioux because of the
extreme conditions they were living under. White people living south and west of
the Sioux reservations became alarmed and believed an Indian uprising would
occur. Black Elk invented the Ghost Shirt. Indians gathered at the Strong Hold, a
natural fortification on the northern part of the Pine Ridge Reservation.
October 20,1890: Agent Royer of Pine Ridge Agency requested six to seven
hundred troops at Pine Ridge to restore order.
November 13, 1890: President Harrison directed the secretary of war to assume
military responsibility on the Sioux reservations to prevent an outbreak.
Indian leaders were ordered arrested until the Ghost Dance passed.
November 20,1890: The Rapid City journal reported that Sioux were on the
warpath. Yellow journalism everywhere added to the excitement.
November 22, 1890: Governor Mellette, the first governor of South Dakota,
created the "Home Guard," a cowboy militia to guard homesteaders along the west
edge of the Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River reservations. They were armed with
hundreds of guns and a great deal of ammunition.
December, 1890: The South Dakota home guard engaged in two of their own
massacres. The guard sent its best riders to the Pine Ridge Reservation to shoot
into the Ghost Dancers at the Strong Hold. They led the Ghost Dancers into a
trap and killed and scalped seventy-five of them. They also massacred several
wagons full of Sioux on French Creek, who were visiting non-Indian friends at
Buffalo Gap.
December 15,1890: Chief Sitting Bull was murdered by federal Indian police
when they attempted to arrest him at his home on the Standing Rock Reservation.
Agent McLaughlin supplied them with a barrel of whiskey to give them enough
courage to make the arrest. Sitting Bull's followers fled to seek refuge with
his halfbrother, Chief Big Foot.
December 28, 1890: Chief Big Foot, fearing arrest and the risk to his band,
headed south to the Pine Ridge Reservation. Chief Red Cloud had already invited
him to come to Pine Ridge and help make peace. Major Whiteside and his
Seventh Cavalry intercepted Chief Big Foot and about 356 of his followers at
Porcupine Butte and escorted them to Wounded Knee Creek. The campsite was already
settled, with Mousseaux's store and several log houses located there. That
evening Colonel Forsyth arrived and assumed command. The Indians were surrounded and
harassed all night. A trader from Pine Ridge brought a barrel of whiskey and
the officers and troopers got drunk celebrating Big Foot's capture. That night
some drunken troopers attempted to drag Big Foot out of his tent. Indians who
could understand English heard talk of getting revenge for Custer's defeat.
Some officers attempted to see if guns possessed by the Indians were taken from
the Little Bighorn battle and if they were old enough to have been at the
battle.
December 29,1890: Colonel Forsyth attempted to disarm Chief Big Foot's band.
The women and children were separated from the men. The soldiers were very
abusive. Big Foot was sick with pneumonia and flying a white flag of truce next
to his tent. The Indians were almost completely disarmed and completely
surrounded by the soldiers.
When the soldiers attempted to take the rifle of a deaf mute, it discharged
and the soldiers opened up on the Indians. About three hundred of Big Foot's
band were killed.
About thirty soldiers also died, many in their own crossfire. Some women and
children were found as far as two miles away, gunned down by soldiers.
January 3,1891: A burial party picked up the bodies of the dead Indians,
about 146, still left on the massacre site after a raging blizzard swept through
the area. They dug a mass grave and buried the dead without ceremony. At least
one Indian is said to have been buried alive.
===================================
A Proposed Tribal Park?
A Massacre, A Tribal Park, A Farce...
Who Should We Believe?
Wounded Knee...Are We About To Do It Again?
Wounded Knee Landowners Reply to Wasichu...
Wasichu Sculptress Proposes Wounded Knee Memorial
The Wizard of Oz and Wounded Knee
Aberdeen Touts A Racist
Attack On An Attempt To Hold Baum Accountable For Genocidal Declarations
Twisted Footnotes to Wounded Knee
Commentary on Twisted Footnotes
Acknowledge L. Frank Baum's (author of The Wizard of Oz) Genocidal
Declarations
Baum Petition Responses
Supplements
Sitting Bull, In Memory
A Call to Assist the Elders
Black Hills Thievery Renewed