Post by Okwes on Jan 19, 2008 16:46:54 GMT -5
Chinook Tribes
"CHINOOKIAN A small family of Indians inhabiting the lower
Columbia River in Washington and Oregon as far up that river as The
Dalles. The Chinooks were primarily a bay and river people, dependent
on fishing (salmon) as well as game. They lacked the developed
woodcarving art of the west coast tribes of British Columbia and
northern Washington, although often classified in the same cultural
area. They have been classified as the Upper and Lower Chinook,
referring to their location on the Columbia River. They were first
noticed generally by Lewis and Clark in 1805, and afterwards were
greatly diminished in numbers by diseases brought by white trades.
The majority of the individual tribes forming this family became
extinct as separate identities before 1900; but a few hundred have
fused with other tribes on the Warm Springs, Yakima, Chehalis,
Quinault and Grande Ronde Reservations in Washington and Oregon; the
largest single element by 1950 were the Wasco at Warm Springs,
Oregon. A few have maintained themselves off reservations.
"Before their decline in population the Chinookian tribes
became the greatest traders on the Columbia River, a great water
highway stretching from the area of the coastal tribes into the
immense interior. Their geographical position at the mouth of that
river up to The Dalles gave them the opportunity to become middlemen
in the development of trade relationships between the coast and the
interior. The development of the Chinook Jargon, an Indian trade
language based originally on Chinook words but later incorporating an
increasing vocabulary of European origin, bears witness to the
importance of the Chinook tribes in pre-1840 trade relations.
Contacts and trade took place largely on the Columbia River at Celilo
or The Dalles, when material culture from the northern edge of the
Plains mingled with and was exchanged for material from as far as
Alaska. From there the Nez Perce were the main outlet to the northern
Plains via their associations with the Crow and to a lesser extent
the Flathead.
"THE 'LOWER CHINOOK': CHINOOK PROPER or LOWER CHINOOK A
Chinookan tribe inhabiting the mouth of the Columbia River, giving
their name to include tribes to the interior of similar language
under the name Chinookian stock. Their territory extended to
Shoalwater Bay in the north, and the tribe numbered 800 in 1800. They
gained considerable fame through their trading with British and
American companies, and the Chinook Jargon, a trade language of the
northwest originally based on the Chinook language, existed until
1900. From Lewis and Clark, Nov. 1805: 'This Chinook nation is about
400 souls, inhabit the country on the small river which runs into bay
below us and on the Ponds to the North West of us, live principally
on fish and roots, they are well armed with fusees and sometimes kill
Elk, Deer, and fowl.'
"Their few remnants mixed with the Chehalis or remained in
public domain, and had almost disappeared as a separate people by
1945 when 120 'Upper Chinook' remained on the Quinault Reservation,
Washington; although of mixed origin they included descendants of the
Chinook proper. A few more have been associated with Shoalwater Bay
and Chehalis reserves, and some have never been on reservations. In
1970 609 'Chinook' were reported, excluding Wasco, apparently
accounting for the whole family. Two smaller groups, the Wahkiakum
and Willapa Indians, probably belong to this group.
"CLATSOP An important coastal Chinookian tribe of the Cape
Adams area, Clatsop County, Oregon. From Lewis and Clark, who
estimated their population at 300, in 1806: 'The Clatsaps, Chinnooks,
Killamucks etc. are very loquacious and inquisitive; they possess
good memories and have repeated to us the name and capacities of the
vessels etc. of the many trades and others who have visited the mouth
of the river (Columbia); they are generally low in stature,
proportionably small, reather lighter complected and much more illy
formed then the Indians on the Missouri and those of our frontier;
they were generally cheerfull but never gay. With us their
conversation generally turns upon subjects of trade, smoking, eating
and women. In common with other savage nations they make their women
perform every species of domestic drudgery; their women are also
compelled to gather roots and assist them in taking fish which
articles form much the greater part of their subsistence;
notwithstanding the servile manner in which they treat their women
they pay much more respect to their judgement and opinions in many
respects than most Indian nations.'
"With the mixed remnants of the other ruined neighbouring
tribes they moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon. In 1910
they were reported as numbered 26 persons. The Clatsop are not now
separately entered amongst the general Indian population of the
Grande Ronde Agency, the population of which was about 700 in 1955,
although most have lost their identity as Indians. In 1956 the
Reservation and Indian people of Grande Ronde were no longer
recognised, and the Reservation as such was terminated. However, they
have recently been reactivated and have filed land claims against the
U.S. Government.
"CATHLAMET A tribe forming a dialect division of the
Chinookian stock near the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon and
Washington, to a point up that river near the present city of Rainier
on the south bank. In 1806 Lewis and Clark estimated them at
300: 'The Killaniucks, Clatsops, Chinooks, Cathlahmahs and Wac-ki-a-
cums resemble each other as well as in their person and dress as in
their habits and manners their complexion is not remarkable, being
the usual copper brown of the most tribes in North America.' About 50
or 60 were reported in 1849. A remnant of the Cathlamet may have
moved to the Yakima Reservation with the Wishram, or to the Quinault
Reservation with the mixed Chinook-Chehalis, but as distinct groups
they no longer exist."
"MULTNOMAH or WAPPATO A Chinookian tribe of the Sauvie Islands
at the mouth of the Willamette River, Oregon. Remnants joined with
related groups and lost separate identity; they were closely related
to the Clackamas. Several bands can be attributed to this tribe.
"WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS) A Chinookian tribe at the Cascades
of the Columbia River and the Willamette River in Oregon. Remnants
joined the Wishram and Wasco and lost separate identity. Related to
the Clackamas.
"CLOWWEWALLA A Chinookian tribe of the Clackamas dialect,
formerly living in Oregon on the Willamette River, a tributary of the
Columbia. They have for many years been extinct as a separate people.
The Cushooks, Chahcowahs, Willamette-Tumwater and others where
divisions of this tribe. The last of this people were said to be on
the Grande Ronde Reservation.
"CLACKAMAS A tribal division of the Chinook stock giving their
name to a dialect group. They apparently moved to the Grande Ronde
Reservation, Oregon, and remained separate until recently, being
reported under this name in 1945-89. This may, however, be a
combination of various Chinook remnants.
"CHILLUCKITTEQUAW A Chinookian tribe of Hood River on the
south side of the Columbia, and on the north side of the Columbia in
Klickitat and Skamania Counties, Washington, along the White Salmon
River. A few remained separate as late as 1895, mixed with a few
Tenino (Waiam) at Celilo Falls and Warm Springs."
"WASCO A Chinookian tribe of the inland branch, their closest
relatives being the Wishram, living near the present The Dalles in
Wasco County, Oregon, on the Columbia River. They were joined by the
remnants of the Watlala and others and removed to the Warm Springs
Reservation, where a portion still remain as a separate people. In
1910 they returned a number of 242 persons; 227 in 1937; and 260 in
1945. They are the only independently reported Chinook group today.
The Dalles Indians, Wasco and Wascopan were divisions of this tribe."
Weaver of Dreams
"CHINOOKIAN A small family of Indians inhabiting the lower
Columbia River in Washington and Oregon as far up that river as The
Dalles. The Chinooks were primarily a bay and river people, dependent
on fishing (salmon) as well as game. They lacked the developed
woodcarving art of the west coast tribes of British Columbia and
northern Washington, although often classified in the same cultural
area. They have been classified as the Upper and Lower Chinook,
referring to their location on the Columbia River. They were first
noticed generally by Lewis and Clark in 1805, and afterwards were
greatly diminished in numbers by diseases brought by white trades.
The majority of the individual tribes forming this family became
extinct as separate identities before 1900; but a few hundred have
fused with other tribes on the Warm Springs, Yakima, Chehalis,
Quinault and Grande Ronde Reservations in Washington and Oregon; the
largest single element by 1950 were the Wasco at Warm Springs,
Oregon. A few have maintained themselves off reservations.
"Before their decline in population the Chinookian tribes
became the greatest traders on the Columbia River, a great water
highway stretching from the area of the coastal tribes into the
immense interior. Their geographical position at the mouth of that
river up to The Dalles gave them the opportunity to become middlemen
in the development of trade relationships between the coast and the
interior. The development of the Chinook Jargon, an Indian trade
language based originally on Chinook words but later incorporating an
increasing vocabulary of European origin, bears witness to the
importance of the Chinook tribes in pre-1840 trade relations.
Contacts and trade took place largely on the Columbia River at Celilo
or The Dalles, when material culture from the northern edge of the
Plains mingled with and was exchanged for material from as far as
Alaska. From there the Nez Perce were the main outlet to the northern
Plains via their associations with the Crow and to a lesser extent
the Flathead.
"THE 'LOWER CHINOOK': CHINOOK PROPER or LOWER CHINOOK A
Chinookan tribe inhabiting the mouth of the Columbia River, giving
their name to include tribes to the interior of similar language
under the name Chinookian stock. Their territory extended to
Shoalwater Bay in the north, and the tribe numbered 800 in 1800. They
gained considerable fame through their trading with British and
American companies, and the Chinook Jargon, a trade language of the
northwest originally based on the Chinook language, existed until
1900. From Lewis and Clark, Nov. 1805: 'This Chinook nation is about
400 souls, inhabit the country on the small river which runs into bay
below us and on the Ponds to the North West of us, live principally
on fish and roots, they are well armed with fusees and sometimes kill
Elk, Deer, and fowl.'
"Their few remnants mixed with the Chehalis or remained in
public domain, and had almost disappeared as a separate people by
1945 when 120 'Upper Chinook' remained on the Quinault Reservation,
Washington; although of mixed origin they included descendants of the
Chinook proper. A few more have been associated with Shoalwater Bay
and Chehalis reserves, and some have never been on reservations. In
1970 609 'Chinook' were reported, excluding Wasco, apparently
accounting for the whole family. Two smaller groups, the Wahkiakum
and Willapa Indians, probably belong to this group.
"CLATSOP An important coastal Chinookian tribe of the Cape
Adams area, Clatsop County, Oregon. From Lewis and Clark, who
estimated their population at 300, in 1806: 'The Clatsaps, Chinnooks,
Killamucks etc. are very loquacious and inquisitive; they possess
good memories and have repeated to us the name and capacities of the
vessels etc. of the many trades and others who have visited the mouth
of the river (Columbia); they are generally low in stature,
proportionably small, reather lighter complected and much more illy
formed then the Indians on the Missouri and those of our frontier;
they were generally cheerfull but never gay. With us their
conversation generally turns upon subjects of trade, smoking, eating
and women. In common with other savage nations they make their women
perform every species of domestic drudgery; their women are also
compelled to gather roots and assist them in taking fish which
articles form much the greater part of their subsistence;
notwithstanding the servile manner in which they treat their women
they pay much more respect to their judgement and opinions in many
respects than most Indian nations.'
"With the mixed remnants of the other ruined neighbouring
tribes they moved to the Grande Ronde Reservation, Oregon. In 1910
they were reported as numbered 26 persons. The Clatsop are not now
separately entered amongst the general Indian population of the
Grande Ronde Agency, the population of which was about 700 in 1955,
although most have lost their identity as Indians. In 1956 the
Reservation and Indian people of Grande Ronde were no longer
recognised, and the Reservation as such was terminated. However, they
have recently been reactivated and have filed land claims against the
U.S. Government.
"CATHLAMET A tribe forming a dialect division of the
Chinookian stock near the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon and
Washington, to a point up that river near the present city of Rainier
on the south bank. In 1806 Lewis and Clark estimated them at
300: 'The Killaniucks, Clatsops, Chinooks, Cathlahmahs and Wac-ki-a-
cums resemble each other as well as in their person and dress as in
their habits and manners their complexion is not remarkable, being
the usual copper brown of the most tribes in North America.' About 50
or 60 were reported in 1849. A remnant of the Cathlamet may have
moved to the Yakima Reservation with the Wishram, or to the Quinault
Reservation with the mixed Chinook-Chehalis, but as distinct groups
they no longer exist."
"MULTNOMAH or WAPPATO A Chinookian tribe of the Sauvie Islands
at the mouth of the Willamette River, Oregon. Remnants joined with
related groups and lost separate identity; they were closely related
to the Clackamas. Several bands can be attributed to this tribe.
"WATLALA (CASCADE INDIANS) A Chinookian tribe at the Cascades
of the Columbia River and the Willamette River in Oregon. Remnants
joined the Wishram and Wasco and lost separate identity. Related to
the Clackamas.
"CLOWWEWALLA A Chinookian tribe of the Clackamas dialect,
formerly living in Oregon on the Willamette River, a tributary of the
Columbia. They have for many years been extinct as a separate people.
The Cushooks, Chahcowahs, Willamette-Tumwater and others where
divisions of this tribe. The last of this people were said to be on
the Grande Ronde Reservation.
"CLACKAMAS A tribal division of the Chinook stock giving their
name to a dialect group. They apparently moved to the Grande Ronde
Reservation, Oregon, and remained separate until recently, being
reported under this name in 1945-89. This may, however, be a
combination of various Chinook remnants.
"CHILLUCKITTEQUAW A Chinookian tribe of Hood River on the
south side of the Columbia, and on the north side of the Columbia in
Klickitat and Skamania Counties, Washington, along the White Salmon
River. A few remained separate as late as 1895, mixed with a few
Tenino (Waiam) at Celilo Falls and Warm Springs."
"WASCO A Chinookian tribe of the inland branch, their closest
relatives being the Wishram, living near the present The Dalles in
Wasco County, Oregon, on the Columbia River. They were joined by the
remnants of the Watlala and others and removed to the Warm Springs
Reservation, where a portion still remain as a separate people. In
1910 they returned a number of 242 persons; 227 in 1937; and 260 in
1945. They are the only independently reported Chinook group today.
The Dalles Indians, Wasco and Wascopan were divisions of this tribe."
Weaver of Dreams